Biochemistry is the molecular basis of life. It applies chemical principles to some of the most exciting problems in the life sciences industry. Biochemistry explains how drugs work, helps us understand what goes wrong in diseases, and enables ‘genetic engineering‘. Consequently the subject is essential to drug discovery, biotechnology and biomedical research.

Biochemists investigate the structures, functions and biological roles of molecules involved in metabolism, cell signalling and the transmission of genetic information.

The BSc in Biochemistry enables students to gain an understanding of the concepts and theories relating to Biochemistry and the application of a range of practical laboratory skills. Students will explore the relevant analytical principles and techniques, and apply these in a research setting. You will understand collation, quantitative analysis and interpretation of experimental data, and the ability to problem solve. Additional skills such as; personal and team skills, data management, presentation skills, career management planning and applying your degree in the workplace will also be covered.

Course highlights

Professional Accreditations

Royal Society Accreditation

This course has been accredited by the Royal Society of Biology. Ultimately this award highlights the academic quality of the course and its contribution in ensuring that its graduates meet employer needs by acquiring the necessary skill set of both technical and transferable skills.

Industry Links

Work placements on these programmes provide students with the opportunity to utilise the practical skills gained during the teaching of their degree and apply these in a work environment. Past students have gained work placement within organisations such as Almac, Warner Chilcott, Randox, Norbrook Laboratories, Altnagelvin Hospital and Belfast City Hospital.

Student Experience

Final year research projects allow students to gain considerable research experience in one of the research laboratories at Queen’s University Belfast. Working alongside world-leading researchers enriches the students experience and assists them in pursuing a career in biochemical research.

Further Study Opportunities

Those wanting a career in biochemistry research will normally obtain a PhD, and we anticipate that the majority of MSci graduates will either progress directly to research roles in biochemistry laboratories or to PhD programmes. Both BSc and MSci Biochemistry graduates are well-placed to obtain places on PhD programmes in biomedical research, biotechnology, drug discovery and agri-food research as well as in ‘pure’ biochemistry.

Master's programmes offer the opportunity to train in specialist areas (eg forensics, nutrition, biotechnology) in order to enter professions in those fields or to further enhance academic and research skills before embarking on a PhD; see the University website for further study information.

Biochemistry graduates are eligible to study for a PGCE (a qualification enabling graduates to teach in schools) in either Biology or Chemistry – subjects in demand in schools across the UK.

“I would highly recommend the Biochemistry course. It provides plenty of hands on learning which is vital in the workplace. Personally I think the Professional studies module is an excellent way to get a better chance at securing a graduate job. The course provides great knowledge for working in research or laboratory roles"

Ryan Steele, BSc Biochemistry with Professional Studies, 2017

Studying biochemistry at Queen’s really made my passion for the sciences come alive and gave me the confidence and necessary skills to branch out into the next stage of my life. If you are prepared to stay dedicated and work hard, the possibilities are endless. (Laura Witherow, BSc Biochemistry 2015)

Course Structure

Introduction

The Biochemistry degree at Queen’s University Belfast, investigates the structures, functions and biological roles of molecules involved in metabolism, cell signalling and the transmission of genetic information. Research-led teaching and the opportunity to complete an integrated Master programme, help prepare our students for a career in biochemical research.

Throughout Stages 1 and 2 of the BSc Biochemistry degree, practical classes in Biochemistry reinforce and complement the theory, providing students with the solid foundation on which to build upon for Stage 3.

BSc Biochemistry students can transfer to the BSc Biochemistry with Professional Studies programme if they wish to take a year-long work placement and may be eligible to transfer to the same named MSci degree pathways provided they meet certain requirements. For 2016-17 this is a weighted mean mark of at least 60% at the end of Stage 2.

MSci students may also transfer to the BSc degree at any point in stages 1 and 2.

Work Placement

•Biochemistry students can complete an optional 16 week degree-related work placement

•Biochemistry with Professional Studies students will complete a one year, degree related work placement

People teaching you

Dr Cao Cuong Reader

School of Biological Sciences

Contact Teaching Hours

Large Group Teaching

12 (hours maximum)

Typically around 9 hours teaching [3 hours for each subject/module studied – see later information on course content] and 3 hours practical each week.

Personal Study

28 (hours maximum)

For private study and writing assignments each week.

Learning and Teaching

We provide a range of learning experiences on the BSc Biochemistry with Professional Studies programme, to enable students to engage with subject experts and develop attributes and perspectives that will equip you for life and work.

Innovative Technologies and a World Class Library

Students can make use of innovative technologies and a world class library that enhances their development as independent, lifelong learners. Examples of the opportunities provided for learning on this course are: E-Learning technologies, lectures, personal tutor, practical classes, research projects, self-directed study and work placement.

Assessment

Details of assessments associated with this course are outlined below:

The way in which you are assessed will vary according to the Learning objectives of each module. Some modules are assessed solely through project work or written assignments. The majority are assessed through a combination of coursework and end of semester examinations. Details of how each module is assessed are shown in the Student Handbook which is provided to all students during their first year induction. This is also available online on our School website.

Feedback

As you progress through your course you will receive general and specific feedback about your work from a variety of sources including lecturers, module co-ordinators, placement supervisors, personal tutors, advisers of study and your peers. As a university student, you will be expected to take a greater role in reflecting on this and taking the initiative in continuously improving the quality of your work. Feedback may be provided to you in a variety of forms including:

As you progress through your course you will receive general and specific feedback about your work from a variety of sources including lecturers, module co-ordinators, placement supervisors, personal tutors, advisers of study and your peers. As a university student, you will be expected to take a greater role in reflecting on this and taking the initiative in continuously improving the quality of your work. Feedback may be provided to you in a variety of forms including: formal written comments, face to face comments, placement employer comments or references, online or emailed feedback, pre-submission advice, feedback and outcomes from practical classes, and others.

The information provided in this Course Finder reflects the module details for the current year of study (2026/27). Please note that modules are subject to annual review and changes may occur in response to various factors, including student feedback and academic developments. Prospective students will be notified of any significant changes to module offerings before the start of the new academic year.

Core Modules

Structure, Reactivity and Mechanism in Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry (20 credits)

Fundamentals of Chemistry (20 credits)

World of Microorganisms (20 credits)

Genetics and the Molecular Toolbox (20 credits)

Molecular Basis of Life (20 credits)

Fundamentals of Microbiology (20 credits)

Cell Biology (20 credits)

Advanced Cell Biology (20 credits)

Experimental Biochemistry (20 credits)

Microbial Metabolism and Biocatalysis (20 credits)

Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics 1 (20 credits)

Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics II (20 credits)

Research Project (40 credits)

Microbiome: Biotechnological applications and ‘Omic manipulations (20 credits)

Immunology and Immunotherapy (20 credits)

Biomolecules in Health and Disease (40 credits)

Entrance requirements

A level requirements

BBB including Chemistry and Biology + GCSE Mathematics grade C/4

ABB including Chemistry and at least one from Mathematics or Physics + GCSE Biology grade C/4 or GCSE Double Award Science grades CC/4,4 + GCSE Mathematics grade C/4.

Where A-level Biology, Mathematics or Physics are not offered, A-levels in three other subjects including Chemistry and AS-level Biology would be considered.

A maximum of one BTEC/OCR Single Award or AQA Extended Certificate will be accepted as part of an applicant's portfolio of qualifications with a Distinction* being equated to a grade A at A-level and a Distinction being equated to a grade B at A-level. Please note that a BTEC/OCR Single Award or AQA Extended Certificate will not be accepted in lieu of A-level Biology or A-level Chemistry. A BTEC/OCR Single Award or AQA Extended Certificate will be considered on an individual basis in lieu of the second science subject.

Irish leaving certificate requirements

H3H3H3H3H4H4/H3H3H3H3H3 including Higher Level grade H3 in Chemistry and Biology + if not offered at Higher Level then Ordinary Level grade O4 in Mathematics

H3H3H3H3H3H3/H2H3H3H3H3 including Higher Level grade H3 in Chemistry and at least one from Mathematics or Physics + Ordinary Level grade O4 in Biology + if not offered at Higher Level then grade O4 in Mathematics.

For applicants offering Irish Leaving Certificate, please note that performance at Junior Certificate is taken into account when shortlisting for an offer. Applicants should include this information in their UCAS application.

Access Course

Successful completion of Access Course with an average of 80% with no less than 70% in any module normally including two Chemistry modules (Level 3) and one Biology module (Level 3). GCSE Mathematics grade C/4 or equivalent in Access Course.

International Baccalaureate Diploma

32 points overall including 6,5,5 at Higher Level including Chemistry and Biology + GCSE Mathematics grade C/4

33 points overall including 6,5,5 at Higher Level including Chemistry and Mathematics or Physics + GCSE Biology grade C/4 or GCSE Double Award Science grades CC/4,4 + GCSE Mathematics grade C/4. If not offered at Higher Level/GCSE, then Standard Level grade 4 in Mathematics and Biology would be accepted.

BTEC Level 3 Extended/National Extended Diploma

Applicants studying a relevant National Extended Diploma in Science (eg Applied Science) will be considered with overall grades DDM plus A-level Chemistry grade B.

Applicants studying two A-levels and one BTEC National Extended Certificate should refer to the A-level requirements above.

Graduate

A minimum of a 2:2 Honours Degree, provided any subject requirements are also met.

Option to transfer

Transfers between BSc and MSci may be possible at the end of Stage 2.

All applicants must have GCSE English Language grade C/4 or an equivalent qualification acceptable to the University.

How we choose our students

In addition, to the entrance requirements above, it is essential that you read our guidance below on 'How we choose our students' prior to submitting your UCAS application.

Applications are dealt with centrally by the Admissions and Access Service rather than by the School of Biological Sciences. Once your on-line form has been processed by UCAS and forwarded to Queen's, an acknowledgement is normally sent within two weeks of its receipt at the University.

Selection is on the basis of the information provided on your UCAS form. Decisions are made on an ongoing basis and will be notified to you via UCAS. These decisions can only be made on the basis of the information given and applicants must show due care and diligence when completing their applications. In particular, full details must be included about qualifications completed or still to be completed.

For entry last year, applicants for programmes in the School of Biological Sciences must have had, or been able to achieve, a minimum of five GCSE passes at grade C/4 or better (to include English Language and Mathematics), though this profile may change from year to year depending on the demand for places. The Selector also checks that any specific entry requirements in terms of GCSE and/or A-level subjects can be fulfilled.

For applicants offering Irish Leaving Certificate, please note that performance at Junior Certificate is taken into account. For last year’s entry applicants for this degree must have had, a minimum of 5 IJC grades C/Merit, though this profile may change from year to year depending on the demand for places. The Selector also checks that any specific entry requirements in terms of Leaving Certificate subjects can be satisfied.

Offers are normally made on the basis of three A-levels. Two subjects at A-level plus two at AS would also be considered. The minimum acceptable is two subjects at A-level plus one at AS though candidates offering this combination will be considered on an individual basis depending on the degree for which they have applied. The offer for repeat candidates may be one grade higher than for first time applicants. Grades may be held from the previous year.

Applicants offering two A-levels and one BTEC Subsidiary Diploma/National Extended Certificate (or equivalent qualification) will also be considered. Offers will be made in terms of the overall BTEC grade(s) awarded. Please note that a maximum of one BTEC Subsidiary Diploma/National Extended Certificate (or equivalent) will be counted as part of an applicant’s portfolio of qualifications. The normal GCSE profile will be expected.

Applicants offering other qualifications will also be considered. The same GCSE (or equivalent) profile is usually expected of those applicants offering other qualifications.

Those offering a relevant Higher National Certificate (HNC) or Diploma (HND) are considered individually on their own merits for entry to Stage 1. For applicants offering a HNC, the current requirements are successful completion of the HNC with 1 Distinction and remainder Merits. For those offering a HND, at least one of the units completed in the first year of the HND must be at Merit level. Where offers are made students would be expected to achieve Merits in all units assessed in final year. For those offering a HNC or HND, some flexibility may be allowed in terms of GCSE profile.

The information provided in the personal statement section and the academic reference together with predicted grades are noted but, in the case of degree courses in the School of Biological Sciences, these are not the final deciding factors in whether or not a conditional offer can be made. However, they may be reconsidered in a tie break situation in August.

A-level General Studies and A-level Critical Thinking would not normally be considered as part of a three A-level offer and, although they may be excluded where an applicant is taking four A-level subjects, the grade achieved could be taken into account if necessary in August/September.

Applicants are not normally asked to attend for interview.

If you are made an offer then you may be invited to a Faculty/School Visit Day, which is usually held in the second semester. This will allow you the opportunity to visit the University and to find out more about the degree programme of your choice and the facilities on offer. It also gives you a flavour of the academic and social life at Queen's.

If you cannot find the information you need here, please contact the University Admissions and Access Service (admissions@qub.ac.uk), giving full details of your qualifications and educational background.

Our country/region pages include information on entry requirements, tuition fees, scholarships, student profiles, upcoming events and contacts for your country/region. Use the dropdown list below for specific information for your country/region.

Please Select Your Country/Region

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An IELTS score of 6.5 with a minimum of 5.5 in each test component or an equivalent acceptable qualification, details of which are available at: http://go.qub.ac.uk/EnglishLanguageReqs

If you need to improve your English language skills before you enter this degree programme, Queen's University Belfast International Study Centre offers a range of English language courses. These intensive and flexible courses are designed to improve your English ability for admission to this degree.

Academic English: an intensive English language and study skills course for successful university study at degree level

Pre-sessional English: a short intensive academic English course for students starting a degree programme at Queen's University Belfast and who need to improve their English.

International Students - Foundation and International Year One Programmes

Queen's University Belfast International Study Centre offers a range of academic and English language programmes to help prepare international students for undergraduate study at Queen's University. You will learn from experienced teachers in a dedicated international study centre on campus, and will have full access to the University's world-class facilities.

These programmes are designed for international students who do not meet the required academic and English language requirements for direct entry.

Foundation

The progression course suited to this programme is

Career Prospects

Studying Biochemistry at Queen‘s develops the core skills and employment related experiences that are valued by employers, professional organisations and academic institutions – particularly analytical and numerical skills.

Biochemists can gain employment in growth areas such as the biotechnology, food and pharmaceutical industries, biomedical research, the NHS and research and development in academia and industry. Approximately one third of our graduates go on to further study before entering specialist employment.

Although the majority of our graduates pursue careers in the molecular life sciences, significant numbers develop careers in a wide range of other sectors such as science communication, education, legal services, journalism, finance and management.

The subject is also widely accepted for graduate entry to medical, dental, veterinary and pharmacy schools – an increasingly common route into these professions, with many universities in the UK and Ireland offering four-year graduate programmes.

Degree Plus/Future Ready Award for extra-curricular skills

In addition to your degree programme, at Queen's you can have the opportunity to gain wider life, academic and employability skills. For example, placements, voluntary work, clubs, societies, sports and lots more. So not only do you graduate with a degree recognised from a world leading university, you'll have practical national and international experience plus a wider exposure to life overall. We call this Degree Plus/Future Ready Award. It's what makes studying at Queen's University Belfast special.

Entry Requirements

Fees and Funding

Northern Ireland (NI) 1

Republic of Ireland (ROI) 2

England, Scotland or Wales (GB) 1

EU Other 3

1EU citizens in the EU Settlement Scheme, with settled status, will be charged the NI or GB tuition fee based on where they are ordinarily resident. Students who are ROI nationals resident in GB will be charged the GB fee.

2 EU students who are ROI nationals resident in ROI are eligible for NI tuition fees.

3 EU Other students (excludes Republic of Ireland nationals living in GB, NI or ROI) are charged tuition fees in line with international fees.

The tuition fees quoted above for NI, ROI and GB are the 2026-27 fees and will be updated when the new fees are known.

Tuition fee rates are calculated based on a student’s tuition fee status and generally increase annually by inflation. How tuition fees are determined is set out in the Student Finance Framework.

Additional course costs

Year 1 students are required to buy a laboratory coat at a cost of £10 and an E-Book at a cost of £25. All students may apply to go on a School Workplace Tour at a cost of £100.

All Students

Depending on the programme of study, there may be extra costs which are not covered by tuition fees, which students will need to consider when planning their studies.

Students can borrow books and access online learning resources from any Queen's library. If students wish to purchase recommended texts, rather than borrow them from the University Library, prices per text can range from £30 to £100. Students should also budget between £30 to £75 per year for photocopying, memory sticks and printing charges.

Students undertaking a period of work placement or study abroad, as either a compulsory or optional part of their programme, should be aware that they will have to fund additional travel and living costs.

If a programme includes a major project or dissertation, there may be costs associated with transport, accommodation and/or materials. The amount will depend on the project chosen. There may also be additional costs for printing and binding.

Students may wish to consider purchasing an electronic device; costs will vary depending on the specification of the model chosen.

There are also additional charges for graduation ceremonies, examination resits and library fines.

How do I fund my study?

There are different tuition fee and student financial support arrangements for students from Northern Ireland, those from England, Scotland and Wales (Great Britain), and those from the rest of the European Union.

Information on funding options and financial assistance for undergraduate students is available at www.qub.ac.uk/Study/Undergraduate/Fees-and-scholarships/.

Scholarships

Each year, we offer a range of scholarships and prizes for new students. Information on scholarships available.

Information on scholarships for international students, is available at www.qub.ac.uk/Study/international-students/international-scholarships.

How to Apply

Application for admission to full-time undergraduate and sandwich courses at the University should normally be made through the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS). Full information can be obtained from the UCAS website at: www.ucas.com/applying.

When to Apply

UCAS will start processing applications for entry in autumn 2027 from early September 2026.

The advisory closing date for the receipt of applications for entry in 2027 is Wednesday 13 January 2027 (18:00). This is the 'equal consideration' deadline for this course.

Applications from UK and EU (Republic of Ireland) students after this date are, in practice, considered by Queen’s for entry to this course throughout the remainder of the application cycle (30 June 2027) subject to the availability of places. If you apply for 2027 entry after this deadline, you will automatically be entered into Clearing.

Applications from International and EU (Other) students are normally considered by Queen's for entry to this course until 30 June 2027. If you apply for 2027 entry after this deadline, you will automatically be entered into Clearing.

Applicants are encouraged to apply as early as is consistent with having made a careful and considered choice of institutions and courses.

The Institution code name for Queen's is QBELF and the institution code is Q75.

Further information on applying to study at Queen's is available at: www.qub.ac.uk/Study/Undergraduate/How-to-apply/

Terms and Conditions

The terms and conditions that apply when you accept an offer of a place at the University on a taught programme of study. Queen's University Belfast Terms and Conditions.

Additional Information for International (non-EU) Students

Applying through UCAS

Most students make their applications through UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service) for full-time undergraduate degree programmes at Queen's. The UCAS application deadline for international students is 30 June 2027.

Applying direct

The Direct Entry Application form is to be used by international applicants who wish to apply directly, and only, to Queen's or who have been asked to provide information in advance of submitting a formal UCAS application. Find out more.

Applying through agents and partners

The University’s in-country representatives can assist you to submit a UCAS application or a direct application. Please consult the Agent List to find an agent in your country who will help you with your application to Queen’s University.

Download Undergraduate Prospectus

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Biological Sciences

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Structure, Reactivity and Mechanism in Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry

Dr Paul Dingwall

p.dingwall@qub.ac.uk

Carbonyl Chemistry and Acidity (6 Lectures, Seminar)

Module Coordinator, Laboratory Coordinator

Dr. Chris Murgnaghan

c.murgnaghan@qub.ac.uk

Infrared, NMR and Mass Spectroscopy (6 Lectures, Seminar);

Aromaticity and Aromatic Chemistry (6 Lectures, Seminar)

Dr Mark McLaughlin

m.mclaughlin@qub.ac.uk

Oxidation And Reduction REDOX Processes (6 Lectures, Seminar)

Dr Stephen Cochrane

s.cochrane@qub.ac.uk

Organic Chemistry Workshops (3 x 2h Workshops)

SEMESTER 2

INFRARED, NMR AND MASS SPECTROSCOPY (Dr C. Murgnaghan):

• The electromagnetic spectrum. Energy absorption.

• IR Spectroscopy

• Hooke's Law approximation, stretching and bending vibration modes.

• R spectrometers.

• Characterisation by IR spectroscopy - group frequencies, finger print region. * Specific group frequencies - C-H stretch, (bend), C=C and C=C stretch, O-H stretch, N-H stretch, C=O stretch (and factors affecting it), C=N stretch, o-, m-, p-bend in mono- and disubstituted benzene derivatives.

• Uses of IR spectroscopy.* A Brief Introduction to 1H NMR Spectroscopy* The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectrometer.

• Examples of 1H NMR spectra of various small organic molecules.

• The concepts chemical shift variation; shielding and deshielding effects. Spin-Spin Splitting and the (n+1) rule.

• Applications of spectroscopic methods in structure identification.

AROMATICITY AND AROMATIC CHEMISTRY(Dr C. Murgnaghan):

• The Huckel Rule of Aromaticity

• The bonding in benzene: concepts of resonance, delocalisation and aromatic stabilisation. *

• Nomenclature of substituted aromatics.

• Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions: mechanisms and prominent (name) reactions: nitration, halogenation, acylation, and alkylation.

• Directing Effects in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions.

• Aromatic amines and diazonium salts: preparation and reactions of.

• Electrophilic substitution of heteroaromatic compounds.

• Diazotisation of aniline, Nucleophilic substitution of diazonium species. Preeparation of phenols.

• Synthesis and strategies in preparation of polysubstituted benzenes.

CARBONYL CHEMISTRY AND ACIDITY (Dr P. Dingwall)

• Develop an understanding of the pKa and pKaH scales.

• Appreciate how the pKaH scale can be used to determine nucleophile strength and leaving group ability.

• Reason through the factors that affect the stability of a conjugate base and appreciate how to use this knowledge to predict approximate pKa values and positions of equilibrium.* Understand factors that govern nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group.

• Understand the differences between acid and base catalysed mechanisms.

• Understand factors that govern nucleophilic substitution at the carbonyl group.

• Be able to predict whether a nucleophilic substitution to a carbonyl group is likely to proceed.

• Appreciate the differences in reactivity of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds

• Understand the factors that control the regioselectivity of 1,2- vs 1,4-addition in such α,β-unsaturated systems

• Understand the impact of kinetic and thermodynamic control in organic reactions.

OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REDOX PROCESSES (Dr Mark McLaughlin):

• Definition of REDOX processes.

• Functional group interconversions based on REDOX processes.

• Classes of oxidants including oxygen, ozone, N-oxides, peroxides, peroxyacids, transition metal and p-block elements in high oxidation states.

• Classes of reductants including hydrogen, hydrides of boron and aluminium, and electropositive elements such as sodium and magnesium.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY WORKSHOPS (Dr Stephen Cochrane):

• Practice and application of all the chemistry covered in this course

Learning Outcomes

On completion of this module the students will have gained a theoretical and practical understanding of basic Organic Chemistry. They will be able to relate organic chemistry to pharmaceutical and biological subjects.

Learners are expected to demonstrate the following on completion of the module:

•You will learn how to take good notes from lectures.

•You will begin to understand the principles of mechanistic organic chemistry and ‘curly-arrow’ pushing, and learn the basic language that we speak in the organic chemistry world.

•You will learn how to preform functional group interconversions build simple acyclic molecules from simple, readily-available organic chemical starting materials and basic chemical feedstocks.

•You will become familiar with how to perform organic chemical reactions in the laboratory.

Coursework

Examination

Practical

Module Code

Teaching Period

Duration

12 weeks

Pre-requisite

Core/Optional

Fundamentals of Chemistry

NAME CONTRIBUTION

Dr A. C. Marr a.marr@qub.ac.uk

Module Co-ordinator

General Chemistry - 18 Lectures; Skills Workshops – part 1, Essential Calculations for Practical Chemistry

Dr P. C. Marr p.marr@qub.ac.uk

Skills workshop – Laboratory Skills parts 1 and 2

Prof. P. Stevenson p.stevenson@qub.ac.uk

Organic Chemistry: Functional Group Chemistry 15 Lectures, 5 Seminars Organic Chemistry Laboratory

Dr P. Dingwall p.dingwall@qub.ac.uk

Organic Chemistry Laboratory

Dr M. Swadzba-Kwasny Swadzba-kwasny@qub.ac.uk

Skills workshop – Scientific writing and researching skills.

General Chemistry - Elements, Atoms, ions, electrons and the periodic table. This course aims to give an introduction to the fundamental principles of atoms from the chemists’ viewpoint. Starting from a simple model and using the results of quantum mechanics a more appropriate model of the atom is presented. From this model trends in atomic and ionic properties which enable us to explain differences and similarities and predict the properties of different elements can be deduced. The following topics are covered:

* The Basics: Element, The periodic table, atom, mole.

* The Atom: The Bohr Atom.

* The Electron: Wave-Particle Duality and The Schrödinger Wave Equation, Probability Density, Radial Distribution Function, Orbitals, Quantum Numbers, s and p Orbitals, Phase, d Orbitals.

* More than One Electron: Filling orbitals, The aufbau principle, The Pauli Exclusion Principle, Hund’s rules, Penetration, Shielding, Effective Nuclear Charge, Slater’s Rules, Size.

* Trends: Ionization energy, Electron attachment enthalpy (affinity), Electronegativity, Ionic radii, Polarizability and polarizing power, Hydration enthalpies, Redox potentials. General Chemistry - Structure and Bonding. This course introduces some important theories of bonding. Theories of bonding are discussed in some detail for discrete molecules. The discussion of bonding in molecular species centres on the valence bond and molecular orbital theories. Intermolecular forces between molecules are also discussed.

* Introduction to bonding: Discussion of types of structure and common bonding theories, examples of representative structures.

* Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules: Interatomic distance and covalent radii, Potential energy curves, attractive and repulsive forces, bond energy and enthalpy. Lewis structures, filled shells, the octet rule. Wavefunction, introduction to valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory, Valence bond theory: ionic and covalent contributions, resonance; Molecular orbital theory: molecular orbitals, linear combinations of atomic orbitals, orbital overlap, bonding and antibonding orbitals, MO diagrams, some shapes of MO’s, labelling MO’s, examples of simple MO diagrams, bond order.

* Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules: Lewis structures, valence bond approach, Molecular orbital theory, energy matching, symmetry, non-bonding orbitals; electronegativity, electric dipole moments, carbon monoxide, isoelectronic molecules.

* Polyatomic Molecules: Metal complexes and covalent polyatomics, coordination number, common geometries, molecules obeying the octet rule, valence bond theory, expanding the octet, hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3), formal charge, single, double and triple carbon-carbon bonds, molecular shapes; molecular orbital theory: ligand group orbitals; comparison of VB and MO, macromolecules, fullerenes, proteins and hydrogen bonding.

* Intermolecular Forces: Van-der-Waal forces, strength of forces.

* Introduction to solids with extended structures: metals and semi-metals, ionic solids and covalent solids. Only covered if time permits. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: Functional Group Chemistry

* Draw structural formula to represent organic compounds, identify isomers and convert structural formula to molecular formula.

* Identify common organic functional groups, name organic compounds containing these groups, and predict their chemistry and reactivity.

* Recognise nucleophiles, electrophiles and bases and identify which chemistry these species participate in. Appreciate the importance of acidity and basicity in organic chemistry

* Sketch substitution, elimination and addition mechanisms and appreciate the importance of ‘mechanism’ in rationalising organic chemical reactions. * Suggest reagents for interconverting one functional group into another. * The functional groups which will be used to illuminate these outcomes are alkanes, alcohols, amines, alkyl halides, alkenes, alkynes, carbonyls compounds including aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amides.

SKILLS WORKSHOPS:

* Scientific writing and researching skills

* Laboratory skills

* Essential calculations for practical chemistry

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY:

* 3 x 3 hours laboratories with associated write-ups.

Students will become familiar with chemical descriptions of matter. What matter is made up of, how it can be organised into the periodic table and how we can start to understand it from a scientific perspective. They will learn about organic compounds and how they can be prepared, named and reacted.

* Ability to write and predict atomic structure and properties.

* Ability to explain and understand bonding.

* Ability to recognise functional groups in organic chemistry and name compounds.

* Ability to suggest reagents, mechanisms and reactions in organic chemistry.

* Ability to demonstrate fundamental skills in laboratory practice and associated calculations.

World of Microorganisms

The World of Microorganisms (BIO1301) is a 20 CAT module that is underpinned by the semester 1 module ‘Fundamentals of Microbiology’. In this module students will explore: microbial interactions examining their role in food, health and the environment; study aspects of microbial pathogenicity in humans and animals and their impact on the immune system; and learn about some aspects of microbial biotechnology. Case studies will be used to relate learning to real-world context.

On successful completion of this module students will be able to:

LO1: Describe and explain how microorganisms relate to production and use of food

LO2: Discuss aspects of biogeochemistry including marine microbiology’s role in maintaining a healthy Earth

LO3: Discuss microbial adaptations to extreme environments

LO4: Demonstrate the biotechnological potential of microorganisms for the benefit of humankind.

LO5: Discuss how microorganisms may contribute to the manifestation of disease and how this can be prevented

LO6: Demonstrate competence in microbiology specific laboratory practical and manipulative skills.

LO7: Demonstrate Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), and appropriate health and safety in the laboratory and ethical practices.

LO8: Develop problem solving skills and the ability to analyse data.

LO9: Demonstrate the ability to work as part of a team.

By the end of the module, students should have developed competence in practical laboratory skills related to microbiology, as well as reading, numerical, and scientific problem-solving skills. In addition to effective assimilation of knowledge they will gain experience of word processing, numerical procedures, interpretation of data, team working and problem solving.

Genetics and the Molecular Toolbox

Genetics and the Molecular Toolbox is a Stage 1 20 CAT module that runs in semester 2. The module provides a comprehensive introduction to the concepts of Genetics from fundamental to applied and builds on the knowledge gained through BIO1103 Molecular Basis of Life. Students will develop broad knowledge of genetics, genomics, and associated molecular tools and technologies. The course begins with an introduction classical genetics (chromosome structure, cytogenetics, diploid inheritance, allelic and epistatic interactions, aneuploidy, polyploidy, cytoplasmic inheritance) and population genetics to understand the importance of natural selection and evolutionary processes. This will be followed by the introduction to modern genetics tools and molecular techniques through a series of Toolbox sessions. Focus will be on ‘omics technologies including bioinformatics, and practical methods in molecular and cellular biology including genetic engineering tools and biochemistry techniques. The applications of genetic engineering, biotechnology, and tools/assays will be explored in the form of case studies. Students will also gain an understanding of the genetic/molecular basis of disease.

LO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the molecular basis of genetics (classical, population and evolutionary)

LO2: Demonstrate understanding of bioinformatics and how to use software to interrogate datasets

LO3: Describe recent advances in genetic, molecular, and biochemical tools including genetic manipulation and ‘omics’ technologies

LO4: Discuss the applications of genetics and genetic tools to biotechnology, medicine and scientific research

LO5: Develop problem solving skills and the ability to analyse data.

LO6: Demonstrate Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), and appropriate health and safety in the laboratory and ethical practices.

LO7: Demonstrate competence in specific laboratory practical and manipulative skills

LO8: Develop an awareness of steps required to translate basic scientific research into commercial and/ or practical applications

Development of laboratory skills related to genetics and its applications as evidenced through Practical Skills Portfolio; Report writing; Critical and logical analysis of data; Computational analyses of genome/transcriptome data

Molecular Basis of Life

The Molecular Basis of Life (BIO1103) is a 20 CAT module that provides a comprehensive introduction to the molecular basis of life from the molecular level through to cells, tissues, and whole organisms. This module broadly covers biochemistry, molecular biology, and energy metabolism in the context of life of earth. The course begins with an introduction to the chemical context of life (elements, compounds, molecules, atoms, bonding and thermodynamics) and biomolecules (amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids), to include the molecular and biochemical processes which underpin life on earth (DNA replication, RNA transcription and translation, genetic code and mutation, protein biochemistry, enzyme kinetics, glucose metabolism, metabolism control, and photosynthesis). Students are introduced to basic cell structure and communication to facilitate exploration of life at all levels and in different environmental conditions and allow understanding of the evolutionary scales of biological systems. Students receive practical teaching in key laboratory skills, DNA extraction, amino acid titration, enzyme kinetics, and photosynthesis. Students will be trained in basic laboratory mathematics including molar calculations and key mathematical concepts/theories. Students will also receive teaching in laboratory Health and Safety regulations and will be instructed in Good Laboratory Practice.

LO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the chemistry of life and its application to biological sciences.

LO2: Demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of biodiversity and organismal biology in the context of biochemical processes that govern life on earth.

LO3: Describe and explain the structures, roles and activities of the major biological molecules, sub-cellular components and cell types.

LO4: Develop problem solving skills and the ability to analyse data.

LO5: Develop written communication skills including report writing.

LO6: Develop an understanding of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), health and safety in the laboratory and ethical practice.

LO7: Demonstrate competence in specific laboratory practical and manipulative skills.

LO8: Demonstrate the ability to work as part of a team and reflect on their role in the team.

Development of laboratory skills related to molecular biology, biochemistry and energy metabolism as evidenced through practical skills portfolio; report writing; critical and logical analysis of data, peer and self-assessment

Fundamentals of Microbiology

Fundamentals of Microbiology provides a practical and theoretical introduction to the biology of microorganisms that are unicellular, multicellular or acellular (without cells). This includes microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa and parasites. Students will explore the history of microbiology and gain an appreciation that diversity of life on earth is the result of evolution. Topics covered include: microbial taxonomy; microscopy; morphology and function of prokaryotic cells; bacterial growth and nutrition; and bacterial genetics. Students will also be introduced to mycology, virology and parasitology.

LO1: Describe and explain the basic structure and function of important examples of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, together with protozoan and metazoan parasites.

LO2: Demonstrate an understanding organismal biology including the diversity of life and its evolution.

LO3: Demonstrate knowledge of microscopy and specimen preparation.

LO4: Demonstrate an understanding of microbial genetics, growth and nutritional requirements

LO4: Develop an understanding of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), health and safety in the laboratory and ethical practice.

LO6: Develop problem solving skills and the ability to analyse data.

LO7: Develop communication skills including essay writing.

LO8: Demonstrate competence in microbiology specific laboratory practical and manipulative skills.

By the end of the module, students should have developed competence in practical laboratory skills related to microbiology, as well as reading, numerical, and scientific problem-solving skills. In addition to effective assimilation of knowledge they will gain experience of word processing, numerical procedures, presentation and interpretation of data, team working, problem solving and written communication skills.

Cell Biology

Detailed coverage of cell structure and function from the perspective of individual organelles and their interactions including:

The variety of cells

The cell cycle

Cell Signalling

The nucleus & the cytoplasm

The mitochondrion & energy production

Ribosomes & protein synthesis

The secretory pathway

Exosomes

Membrane pumps and transporters

Cytoskeleton

Blood cells & pathologies

How breakdown of normal organelle function can lead to disease and how a knowledge of cell biology has helped to develop appropriate treatments, e.g.:

Cystic fibrosis

Lysosomal storage diseases

Sickle cell anaemia

On successful completion of this module students will be able to

LO1: Describe the structure and function of the major cell organelles and their interactions with each other.

LO2: Demonstrate knowledge of how disease can arise when these cellular processes and interactions break down.

LO3: Appreciate the importance of experimental approach and the practical methodologies employed in cell biology.

LO4: Demonstrate competence in specific laboratory practical and manipulative skills.

LO5: Develop independent learning, critical thinking and problem solving ability

LO6: Demonstrate the ability to work as part of a team

Observation, recording, data analysis, microscopy, basic haematology, image analysis and experimental design. Practical skills in laboratory investigations including use of specialised software in data analysis, professional technical report writing and team-work.

Advanced Cell Biology

This module builds on the fundamental coverage of cell biology that is delivered in pre-requisite module BIO2104 (i.e. cell structure and function from the perspective of individual organelles, and their interactions, and how disease can arise when these break down).

In BIO2304 we focus on cutting edge techniques that can be used to investigate cell function at a variety of levels including:

Cell culture

Fluorescence microscopy

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy

RNAi / CRISPR

Proteomics

Inhibitors and drug development pipelines

We highlight how the use of these tools can provide a better understanding of disease mechanisms and aid the development of new treatment options. Case studies include:

Cancer cell biology

Stem cell research

Neurones and neurotransmitters

LO1: Demonstrate an understanding of the theoretical basis of classical and emerging technologies that are used to study cells.

LO2: Appreciate how these tools can provide a deeper understanding of cell function and disease mechanisms.

LO3: Discuss how advances in technology is driving research into new therapeutic strategies for various diseases.

LO4: Appreciate the importance of experimental approach and apply practical cell biology methodologies.

LO5: Demonstrate scientific communication skills including report writing and peer discussion.

LO6: Demonstrate the ability to work as part of a team and reflect on their role in the team.

LO7: Appreciate health and safety in the laboratory and ethical practice.

LO8: Develop independent learning, critical thinking and problem solving ability.

Observation, recording, data analysis, microscopy, image analysis and experimental design. Practical skills in laboratory investigations including use of specialised software in data analysis, professional technical report writing and team-work.

Experimental Biochemistry

Introduction to the Biochemistry Laboratory, General Laboratory Procedures, Chromatography Techniques, Electrophoresis, Centrifugation in Biochemical Research

Radioisotopes in Biochemical Research, UV/vis, fluorescence and CD spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry, X-ray crystallography, Protein crystallisation, Biochemical thermodynamics, Biomolecular Interactions, Enzyme Kinetics, Immunological techniques, and Application of computers in biochemistry.

Upon successful completion of this module students will be able to:

LO1: Describe and explain the principles and theory of key experimental techniques used in biochemistry

LO2: Develop key practical skills in specific analytical techniques.

LO3: Apply a broad knowledge of theoretical and practical concepts to evaluate the significance of experimental/scientific data.

LO4: Develop problem solving skills.

LO5: Develop communication skills including practical report writing.

LO6: Develop and understanding of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)

Competence in the laboratory, including the ability to plan and execute an experiment and to evaluate and interpret the resulting data. Competence in critically evaluating experimental data. Awareness of the importance of working safely in the laboratory in accord with Health and Safety protocols and good working practices.

Microbial Metabolism and Biocatalysis

1. Aspects of microbial metabolism, especially pertaining to environmental nutrient cycles.

2. Introduction to gene mining from microbial metagenomes

3. Aspects of protein engineering including directed evolution

4. Application of enzymes and proteins to biotechnology applications, including biocatalysis.

1. Understand how some recent concepts in bioprocesses have impact across industrial & environmental applications.

2. Appreciate the interdisciplinary nature of modern biotechnology, especially the interplay of microbial metabolism and environmental biotechnology.

3. Be able to translate fundamental science discoveries into technology innovation in the field of biocatalysis.

4. Demonstrate scientific writing skills.

5. Analyse gene/protein sequence data in a biocatalysis context using bioinformatics tools (through lab based learning).

6. Develop critical skills in molecular analysis of microbial proteins and related biochemical pathways that can be applied to solve real world technical problems.

Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics 1

This module covers the structure and organisation of genomes, gene expression and protein synthesis. Genetic engineering, genome sequencing and application of these are also discussed.

This module builds on material covered in the Level 1 genetics modules. Teaching is delivered via lectures and corresponding practical work.

The course is designed to prepare students for Level 3 courses on genetics and for the Honours research projects that involve molecular biology and bioinformatics.

LO1: Demonstrate an understanding of the structure and organisation of genomes & their replication.

LO2: Demonstrate an understanding of the role of epigenetics.

LO3: Demonstrate an understanding of protein synthesis.

LO4: Demonstrate an understanding of genetic engineering

LO5: Develop an understanding of the molecular genetics of cancer and the applications of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)

LO6: Demonstrate competence in molecular biology practical techniques

LO7: Develop independent learning, critical thinking and problem solving ability.

LO8 Demonstrate the ability to work as part of a team.

Skills you will learn:

Basic laboratory skills (e.g. solution preparation etc.)

Common molecular biology techniques including PCR, DNA purification etc.

Agarose gel analysis of DNA

Genetic engineering techniques including plasmid construction Bioinformatics analysis of sequences

Safe working within the laboratory environment

Data presentation and interpretation

Problem solving

Written communication skills.

Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics II

This module covers principle concepts in gene transcription, regulation and bioinformatics. This module builds on material covered in

Level 1 modules. Teaching is delivered via lectures and (a) practical(s). The course is designed to prepare students for Level 3 courses such as those on genetics as well as Honours research projects that involve molecular biology and bioinformatics analysis.

LO1: Demonstrate an understanding of genomic mutations and repair mechanisms

LO2: Demonstrate understanding of transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq)

LO3: Demonstrate competence in differential gene expression analysis (RNAseq)

LO4: Demonstrate an understanding of gene expression and regulation

LO5: Demonstrate problem solving ability

LO6: Develop independent learning, critical thinking, and communication skills

Skills you will learn

Bioinformatics skills

Effective assimilation of knowledge and written communication skills

Research Project

This module allows students to complete an independent piece of research that is allied to their programme pathway, employment aspirations and specific academic interests. The final year allows choice from a range of specialised topics that are informed and inspired by the research being carried out in the School of Biological Sciences. This module will provide an understanding of how to conduct an independent, hypothesis driven research project. It allows the student to: find, evaluate and synthesise information from a variety of sources; apply their skills of critical analysis to a ‘real world’ research and apply awareness of ethics/research integrity/EDI/legal/policy and financial literacy aspects in context in the field of Biological Science. This module must be passed in order for students to be awarded a BSc Honours Degree.

LO1: Demonstrate the ability to analyse problems in their field, formulate hypotheses, evaluate and apply evidence-based solutions.

LO2: Plan, carry-out and report on a relevant scientific investigation including the application of health and safety procedures, financial, ethical and EDI considerations in research.

LO3: Demonstrate critical analysis of literature and data collected either in the laboratory, field or collated from published sources.

LO4: Innovatively apply their skills to tackling relevant scientific problems.

LO5: Demonstrate effective time-keeping, self-management and the ability to work independently.

LO6: Demonstrate an appreciation of the limits and significance of scientific findings.

LO7: Effectively communicate knowledge of the biological sciences to both a scientific audience and the general public.

LO8: Demonstrate understanding of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) and how their research aligns with UN SDGs.

LO9: Effectively execute laboratory practical and analytical skills.

Plan, carry out and report a relevant scientific investigation. Time-management skills, initiative and independence. Ability to carry out a risk assessment of a project, appreciate the need to work safely and ethically. Effective IT skills, including Word Processing, retrieval of

information from electronic databases, data analysis and where appropriate statistical analysis

Full Year

24 weeks

Microbiome: Biotechnological applications and ‘Omic manipulations

The objective of this module is to provide an advanced understanding on the recent developments in ‘omic’ tools to study microbiomes and their role in ecosystem function, host health and biotechnological applications. The students will learn the theoretical and applied basis of ‘omic’ tools (e.g. genomics, meta-genomics/bolomics/proteomics) with lectures suited for different pathways. Case studies will be used to enhance the learning outcomes for students by demonstrating how the microbiome tools can be effectively used to study and manipulate communities. Students will also be trained on how to analyse big datasets (omics), identify appropriate bioinformatics pipelines and in the interpretation of results.

LO1 Demonstrate in depth knowledge of microbiome tools

LO2 Critically discuss the strengths and caveats of different tools

LO3 Evaluate and synthesise scientific literature

LO4 Demonstrate the ability to identify knowledge gaps in microbiome-related research

LO5 Apply problem solving skills and identify future strategies

LO6 Demonstrate the ability to analyse datasets and critically interpret the results

Problem solving skills, IT skills for basic bioinformatics, critical evaluation of scientific literature and written communication skills

Immunology and Immunotherapy

The module will look at the cellular and molecular aspects of immunology, including the innate immunity, the adaptive immunity, immunoglobulins, generation of diversity, antigen recognition, antigen processing, immunoassay design and role of cytokines in immune responses. The pathogenesis of a selected of immunological disorders and the role of immunity in protection against pathogens and cancer. The module will also explore the area of immunotherapy.

LO1: Evaluate and discuss current principles in immunology

LO2: Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of elements constituting the innate and adaptive immune systems

LO3: Critically evaluate current immunological methods

LO4: Explain the complex nature of the pathophysiology of selected immunological disorders

LO5: Analyse ways of manipulating the immune system to prevent or treat disease including the role of immunotherapy in cancer treatment.

LO6: Apply problem solving skills.

LO7: Employ communication skills including oral presentations

LO8: Demonstrate innovation in science through the application of knowledge.

Critical evaluation of the relevant scientific literature. Problem solving skills, oral and written communication skills. Time management and effective IT skills for production of poster.

Biomolecules in Health and Disease

The module is focused on the four main classes of biomolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) and how these each contribute to the health of organisms and, if dysfunctional, in disease states. Teaching on this module is research-informed, with lecture material delivered by research active experts in each of these fields. Students will examine in depth the structure-function relationships of nucleic acids, proteins and receptor signalling, and will illustrate the importance of the latter as drug targets. The biomolecules in disease states such as cancer will be studied as well as the roles of metals, toxins and plant metabolites in human and animal health and disease..

Students on the course will:

LO1: Evaluate and discuss current principles in biochemistry

LO2: Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of the chemistry, structure and function of biological molecules, the major classes of signalling molecules, their receptors and intracellular signalling pathways.

LO3: Demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

LO4: Explain the biochemical processes that underlie the relationship between genotype and phenotype

LO5: Explain the complex nature of the pathophysiology of selected biochemical disorders

LO6: Analyse ways of manipulating biochemical systems to prevent or treat disease.

LO7: Apply problem solving skills.

LO8: Employ communication skills

LO9: Demonstrate innovation in science through the application of knowledge.

LO10: Exhibit an awareness of bioentrepreneurship and the importance of the bioeconomy in the context of industrial and academic research settings.

LO11: Demonstrate the ability to work as part of a team and reflect on their role in the team.

Critical evaluation of the relevant scientific literature, problem solving skills, written communication skills. Time management.

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